ข้อสอบGED Science ชุดที่ 1
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#1. Which cellular organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it generates most of the cell’s supply of ATP?
Mitochondria generate most of the chemical energy (ATP) needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.
#2. Which of the following equations represents the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
#3. A dominant allele is represented by ‘T’ (tall) and a recessive allele by ‘t’ (short). If two heterozygous (Tt) plants are crossed, what percentage of the offspring is expected to be short (tt)?
Crossing Tt x Tt yields TT (25%), Tt (50%), and tt (25%). Therefore, 25% will display the recessive short phenotype (tt).
#4. In an ecosystem, which level of the trophic pyramid contains the greatest amount of energy?
Producers (autotrophs) convert solar energy into chemical energy and occupy the base of the energy pyramid, containing the most energy.
#5. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to body tissues (with the exception of the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs).
#6. What type of macromolecule are enzymes, and what is their main function in biological systems?
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, lowering activation energy to speed up chemical reactions.
#7. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, what happens to the acceleration of an object if the net force applied to it doubles while its mass remains constant?
Since F = ma, acceleration (a = F/m) is directly proportional to force. Doubling the force doubles the acceleration.
#8. Which state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape?
Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
#9. What type of chemical reaction is represented by AB -> A + B?
A decomposition reaction breaks down a single compound into two or more simpler substances.
#10. An atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is its atomic number and mass number?
Atomic number equals the number of protons (6). Mass number is protons plus neutrons (6 + 6 = 12).
#11. What is the pH value of a neutral solution, such as pure water at 25°C?
A pH of 7 represents a neutral solution where hydrogen ion concentration equals hydroxide ion concentration.
#12. Which form of heat transfer occurs through the direct contact of particles in a solid?
Conduction is thermal energy transfer via direct contact between adjacent atoms or molecules.
#13. Which layer of the Earth is composed mostly of liquid iron and nickel and generates Earth’s magnetic field?
The Outer Core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel whose convection currents generate Earth’s geomagnetic field.
#14. What drives the movement of tectonic plates in the Earth’s mantle?
Heat from Earth’s core creates convection currents in the mantle (asthenosphere), causing overlying tectonic plates to move.
#15. Which layer of Earth’s atmosphere contains the ozone layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation?
The Stratosphere contains the ozone layer (O₃), which absorbs high-energy solar UV radiation.
#16. What is the primary cause of Earth’s seasons?
Seasons are caused by Earth’s tilted axis (23.5°), causing different hemispheres to receive varying solar angle and intensity throughout the year.
#17. In the water cycle, what is the process where water vapor cools and turns into liquid water droplets to form clouds?
Condensation is the transition of water vapor into liquid droplets as it cools, forming clouds or fog.
#18. In a controlled experiment investigating how light intensity affects plant growth rate, what is the independent variable?
The independent variable is the factor deliberately manipulated by the experimenter (light intensity).
#19. A researcher measures the mass of a chemical sample three times: 5.10 g, 5.09 g, and 5.11 g. The actual mass is 8.00 g. How would you describe these measurements?
The values are close to each other (precise), but far from the true value of 8.00 g (not accurate).
#20. When balancing a scientific equation or evaluating an experiment, which fundamental law dictates that matter cannot be created or destroyed?
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in a closed system, mass is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations.